[PDF] KVS PGT 2021 Syllabus – Biology

Morphology, Anatomy and histology of angiosperms: Root, stem, leaf, flower, inflorescence, fruits and seeds, Tissues: Meristematic and permanent (epidermal, ground, vascular). Cambial activity, secondary growth, type of wood.

Cell cycle, detailed study of Cell division (mitosis, meiosis); Cell death; Structure and function (metabolism) of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids; Enzymology: Classification and nomenclature of enzymes; Structure; Mechanism of action.

Water relations: Properties of water, water in tissues and cells, Transport of water and solutes( food, nutrients, gases): Transport across cell membrane; soil-plant-atmosphere continuum; Minerals required by plant, their absorbable form, functions, deficiency symptoms, essentiality of mineral, N2 metabolism, biological fixation; Cellular Metabolism: Gluconeogenesis, Glycogenesis and glycogenolysis, hormonal regulation; Oxidation of food, respiratory efficiency of various food components.

Morphology, Anatomy, Histology, Physiology, Control and Disorders of Digestion, Respiration, Body fluids and Circulation, Excretion, Skeleton system & muscle, Nervous; Physiology of high altitude.

Plants: Structural details of angiospermic flower, development of gametophytes, pollination and its types, agencies of pollination, pollen-pistil interaction, fertilization, Artificial hybridization (emasculation and bagging) development of seed and fruit; Apomixis and Polyembryony; Self-incompatibility: Structural and biochemical aspects; methods to overcome incompatibility; Experimental Embryology;

Human Reproduction:
Morphology, Anatomy, Histology and Physiology of reproduction; Neuro-endocrine control; Sexual behaviour in infancy, pre-adolescence, adolescence and of adult; Implantation, Pregnancy and Parturition; Mammary gland and Lactation; Infantile mammary gland, pubertal changes in the mammary gland.

Principles of Inheritance and Variation: Mendelian genetics, Inheritance of one gene, two genes, post mendelian inheritance; Recombination frequency, chromosomal theory of inheritance; Drosophila genetics, linkage and recombinations; Mutation :General properties of mutations ; Adaptation versus mutation ; molecular basis of gene mutation: DNA repair mechanisms; Pedigree analysis; Human karyotype-banding; genetic and environmental basis of sex determination, Y- and X-linked genes; Numerical and Structural abnormalities of human chromosomes and related syndromes; Human metabolic disorders.

Health and disease; types of diseases, common diseases in humans; Immunology – Innate and Acquired immunity; Passive and active immunization; Organization and structure of lymphoid organ; Cells of the immune system and their differentiation; Lymphocyte traffic; Nature of immune response; Structure and Functions of antibodies: Antigen-Antibody interactions; Humoral immune response; Cell mediated immunity ; Immunological memory ; Auto-immunity; Allergies; HLA system in human:MHC haplotypes; Transplantation types and problems; Immunodeficiency disorders; etiology of HIV; types, genetics and biochemistry of cancer; Drugs and alcohol abuse, Addiction , drug dependence, ill effects, prevention, its abuse in adolescents and its management; Strategies for food production and enhancement: Animal husbandry, management of farm animals, breeding strategies ( natural and artificial) and their types.

Genetic engineering tools and technique, the technique of separation and isolation of DNA, cloning vectors, electrophoresis, bioreactors, processing of its products. Tissue engineering; Cryopreservation; Fusion methods, detection and applications of monoclonal antibodies, DNA vaccines, Edible vaccines.; Application in agriculture: GMO for pest resistance, RNAi and dsRNA technology, Application in Medicine, genetically engineered products, gene therapy.

Organism and its environment, distribution of biomes, major physical factors and the physiological responses shown by organisms; Physical adaptation of plants and animals, rules governing adaptations; Population attributes and growth, logistic curves, Darwinian fitness; Population interactions and their theories; Ecosystem structure and functions, ecosystem productivity and standing crop, decomposition in nature, energy flow in GFC / DFC, ecological pyramids, succession of community; Nutrient cycle; ecosystem services; Biodiversity types and its patterns, importance of diversity, its loss and their causes, conservation strategies.